早产儿的神经发育

随着医学的进步, 早产儿的成活率显著提高。但早产儿的神经发育障碍性疾病的发生率明显高于正常足月新生儿。本文简单总结影响早产儿神经发育的相关危险因素、可能出现的神经发育障碍和综合管理, 旨在提醒家长和临床医生重视早产儿的神经发育和干预。     

云南省七个民族学生月经初潮、首次遗精与形态发育的关系

目的 了解云南省7个民族学生月经初潮和首次遗精与形态发育之间的关系,为研究学生生长发育规律和开展青春期性教育提供依据。方法 利用2014年全国学生体质健康调研数据,分析云南省7个民族学生月经初潮和首次遗精对身高、体重、胸围和维尔维克指数的影响。结果 男生性成熟年龄晚于女生,2014年云南省7个民族女生月经初潮半数年龄最小为汉族(12.28岁)、傣族(12.40岁),最大为哈尼族(13.06岁)、傈僳族(13.04岁),男生首次遗精半数年龄最小为佤族(13.43岁)、纳西族(14.01)岁,最大为傈僳族(15.29岁)、哈尼族(14.60岁);女生来潮组的形态发育状况好于未来潮组(P值均<0.05),男生已遗精组与未遗精组的差异,只有部分项目有统计学意义。结论 应针对不同性别、种族、地域特点,适时适量进行青春期性教育,加强少数民族学生的膳食营养,改变不合理膳食结构和饮食习惯,强化体育锻炼,更好地促进学生的生长发育。     

Advance in Functional Restoration of Injured Nerve with Low Level Laser and its Utilization in the Dental and Maxillofacial Region

The inferior alveolar nerve and facial nerve are the two most important nerves in the dental and maxillofacial region. The injury to them is one of the major postoperative complications after alveolar surgery and orthognathic surgery. However, recovering the nerve function after injury takes a long time and the recovery effect tends to be unsatisfactory. In recent years, an intensively investigated technique, low level laser which has been applying in assisting the recovery of nerve function, has been gradually proved to be effective in clinically treating postoperative nerve injury. In this article we review in terms of the mechanisms involved in low level laser-assisted functional restoration of nerve injury and its clinical application in the recovery of nerve function in the dental and maxillofacial area as well.     

早产的诊治现状和面临的问题

近20年来，我国为降低早产发病率，改善早产儿结局不懈努力，取得了令人瞩目的成就，但由于中国人口基数庞大，早产的数量仍不容小觑。加之早产和分娩启动的机制至今仍未完全阐明，区域内早产诊疗水平和早产儿救治水平存在较大差异，在一定程度上制约了早产诊治水平的提高。对我国围产医学工作者而言，进一步降低早产率，改善早产儿远、近期结局，依旧任重而道远。     

Birth weight,weight over the adult life course and risk of breast cancer

Breast cancer has been suggested to potentially have prenatal origins. We examined associations between birth weight, body mass index (BMI) at four-time points over 25 years of adulthood, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, with emphasis on whether the association between birth weight and risk of breast cancer was mediated by weight and height changes over the adult life course. Postmenopausal women (n = 70,397) aged 50–79 years without breast cancer at enrollment (1993–1998) were followed up to 25 years. Weight and height were measured at baseline. Birth weight, and weights at ages 18, 35 and 50 were self-reported. Breast cancer cases were centrally adjudicated. Compared to women with birth weight of 6–8 pounds, women with birth weight of <6 pounds had lower risk of breast cancer (HR = 0.88 95% CI: 0.79–0.99). 44% and 21% of the relationship between birth weight and breast cancer risk was mediated by adult height and weight at baseline, respectively. Birth weight of 8 pounds or more was not associated with risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Weight gain in adulthood was associated with increased risk of breast cancer regardless of time periods. In conclusion, lower birthweight was associated with lower risk of postmenopausal breast cancer, and this reduction in risk was significantly mediated by childhood or adolescent growth, especially by adult height. Our data suggest that reaching and maintaining a healthy weight during adulthood is key in the prevention of breast cancer.